"Review materials for studying Robert King Merton"

“By social structure is meant that organized set of social relationships in which members of the society or group are variously implicated.”

“The last two decades have witnessed, especially in Germany and France, the rise of a new discipline, the sociology of knowledge , with a rapidly increasing number of students and a growing literature . Since most of the investigations in this field have been concerned with the socio-cultural factors influencing the development of beliefs and opinion rather than of positive knowledge, the term. “Wissen” must be interpreted very broadly indeed, as referring to social ideas and thought generally, and not to the physical sciences, except where expressly indicated.”

“The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action”

“The role of outstanding scientists in influencing younger associates is repeatedly emphasized in the interviews with laureates. Almost invariably they lay great emphasis on the importance of problem-finding, not only problem-solving. They uniformly express the strong conviction that what matters most in their work is a developing sense of taste, of judgment, in acting setting upon problems that are of fundamental importance. And, typically, they report that they acquired this sense for the significant problem during their years of training in evocative environments. Reflecting on his years as a novice in the laboratory of a chemist of the first rank, one laureate reports that he "led me to look for important things, whenever possible, rather than work on endless detail or to work just to improve accuracy rather than making a basic new contribution.”

“Scientific research is not conducted in a social vacuum.”

“An acute disjunction between the cultural norms and goals and the socially structured capacities of members of the group to act in accord with them.”