James D. Thompson

"A central purpose of this book is to identify a framework which might link at important points several of the now independent approaches to the understanding of complex organizations."

"Under norms of rationality, organizations seek to seal off their core technologies from environmental influences."

"When buffering, leveling, and forecasting do not protect their technical cores from environmental fluctuations, organizations under norms of rationality resort to rationing."

"The incorporation of subsidiary competencies along with major missions is commonplace in organizations of all types and is not a major discovery. But our proposition is not an announcement of the fact…"

"If we now reintroduce the conception of the complex organization as an open system subject to criteria of rationality, we are in a position to speculate about some dynamic properties of organizations."

"Organizations under norms of rationality seek to place their boundaries around those activities which if left to the task environment would be crucial contingencies."

"The more sectors in which the organization subject to rationality norms is constrained; the more power the organization will seek over remaining sectors of its task environment... many constraints and…"

"Most of our beliefs about complex organizations follow from one or the other of two distinct strategies. The closed-system strategy seeks certainty by incorporating only those variables positively ass…"