"A Comparison of Object-Oriented Development Methodologies by Edward V. Berard, 1996"

“An object which is used to create instances, i.e., a template, description, pattern, or "blueprint" of a category or collection of very similar items. Among other things, a class describes the interface the these items will present to the outside world, i.e., the available and appropriate methods, constants, and exceptions. A class represents an abstraction of the items. A class may itself be parameterized , in which case we refer to it as a parameterized class. Class is a recursive concept. Specifically, we may define classes as being composed of other classes , in terms of itself , as inheriting characteristics from one or more other classes , and as providing characteristics to other classes . In some places, classes are defined as "the set of all instances of a type," and the term "type" is given the above definition for class.”

“Work on what was to become “structured design” began in the early 1960s. Structured design, as a well-defined and named concept, did not achieve appreciable visibility until the publication of an article in the IBM Systems Journal in 1974 . There is more than one way to accomplish a “structured design.”

“Like structured design, the term object-oriented design means different things to different people. For example, OOD has been used to imply such things as”

“Walking on water and developing software from a specification are easy if both are frozen.”

“Objects are the real and conceptual things we find in the world around us. An object may be hardware, software, a concept , or even "flesh and blood." Objects are complete entities, i.e., they are not "simply information" or "simply information and actions." Software objects strive to capture as completely as possible the characteristics of the "real world" objects which they represent. Finally, objects are "black boxes," i.e., their internal implementations are hidden from the outside world, and all interactions with an object take place via a well-defined interface.”

“An action which is suffered by, or required of, an object. Operations may be selectors, constructors, or iterators. An operation is contained in an object's interface and has its details described in a corresponding method. Operations may be composite, i.e., composed of other operations. However, encapsulation of composite operations within the interface to an object is not encouraged.”