Stuart A. Umpleby

"The "second order cyberneticians" claimed that knowledge is a biological phenomenon , that each individual constructs his or her own "reality" and that knowledge "fits" but does not "match" the world …"

"Systems science is generally said to have emerged during and after World War II, although there were precursors to the basic ideas. The people who created each school of thought were working largely i…"

"Defining 'Cybernetics', by Stuart Umpleby , revised 2000 at asc-cybernetics.org"

"A group that was somewhat connected with general systems theory is usually associated with the term, the systems approach. They were located originally at the University of Pennsylvania. They later we…"

"A key location for the development of general systems theory was the University of Michigan’s Mental Health Research Institute where General Systems, the yearbook of the was based for many years. A me…"

"Another group at MIT and Harvard University developed the notion of “organizational learning.” Chris Argyris and Donald Schön were the key figures in this group. Argyris was a student of Kurt Lewin, w…"

"During the 1950s and 1960s most of the work which was called cybernetics tended to focus on control systems in engineering or on applications of the concept of feedback in fields ranging from mathemat…"

"Another tradition in systems theory, known as system dynamics, originated at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The founder of this tradition was Jay Forrester, a creative engineer who invented th…"